ULUMUL QUR'AN TASK ABOUT THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TAFSIR PERIOD TO PERIOD

CHAPTER XV

THE GROWTH AND  DEVELOPMENT OF TAFSIR PERIOD TO PERIOD

A.   Tafsir in Prophet Period

Tafsir in Prophet period is more did by Prophet Muhammad SAW his self as receiver of  wahyu Ilahi and the first  interpreter of Al-Qur’an.

B.   Tafsir in Shohabah Period

Tafsir in Shohabah Period  hold on to four things, they are Al-Qur’an, Hadits, ijtihad, and Ahli kitab (Yahudi and Nasrani).

C.   Tafsir in Tabi’in Period

Tafsir in Tabi’in period is same with tafsir in Shohabah period, however they more develop it by establishing Madrasah Makkah or Madrasah Ibnu Abbas, Madrasah Madinah or Madrasah Ubay bin Ka’ab, and Madrasah Iraq or Madrasah Ibnu Mas’ud.

D.   Five Steps Tafsir in Booking Period

There are five steps tafsir in booking period :

1.     Before booked formaly, booking tafsir was did by relation method, so they descended  it to their students.

2.     Booking in last Umayah Dinasty period and begining Abbasiyah Dinasty which still put into part of hadits content that was booked before.

3.     Separation of tafsir from hadits, so it was booked separately to be one knowledge.

4.     Booking tafsir by summarising the sanad and taking ulama opinions without mentioning the people.

5.     Booking Tafsir is more colored by translation books out of Islam until interpreting  bil-aqly is more dominant compared by binnaqly method.

E.   Tafsir in Modern Period

Tafsir in modern Period is signed by appearing design of scientific tafsir, litPeriodture, and social. This appropriate with thinking development in modern Period.

ULUMUL QUR'AN TASK ABOUT APPROACHMENT AND TAFSIR AL-QUR’AN METHOD

CHAPTER XIV

APPROACHMENT AND TAFSIR AL-QUR’AN METHOD

A.   Definition of Approachment and Tafsir Method

Approachment interpreting Al-Qur’an is something which connect with how Al-Qur’an become near until product of interpreting can appropriate with purpose of Al-Qur’an  descending. Interpreting method is way and strategy interpreting which use by muftis to explain Al-Qur’an contain.

B.   Kind of Tafsir Approachment

There are four way tafsir approachment :

1.     Textual approachment is interpreting approachment which consider as most important letter or text meaning than other meanings which made strong by few hadits or atsar shahabi which support that.

2.     Rational approachment explain that interpretation more make important rasional (illah) by textual meaning.

3.     Scientific approachment connect with Al-Qur`an  interpreting which have connection with nature phenomena (plant, animal, human and others which use scientific object and support by study product proofs or sciencetific research or scientific theories.

4.     Ijtima’i approachment (socio-cuktural) clarify that Al-Qur’an interpreting have orientation to social reality Muslim in particular and society in general until interpreting can be reference conceptional in solving social problem.

C.   Kind of Tafsir Method

There are few  kind of tafsir method :

1.     Tahili method is interpreting Al-Qur’an method  with did detail analysis to words in Al-Qur’an in  various aspect follow stucture verse by verse in mushaf Al-Qur’an.

2.     Ijtimali method is interpreting Al-Qur’an method  with  Al-Qur’an comprehension refer to main ideas which contain at one verse or group of verse or one Al-Qur’an surah.

3.     Mawdhui method is interpreting Al-Qur’an method  with collect way various words or verse in one certainly theme, then classify and search connect one to another to make conclusion.

4.     Muqaran method is interpreting Al-Qur’an method with compare way various interpreting since sohabah period, tabi’in, until next mufassirin muftis.

ULUMUL QUR'AN TASK ABOUT TAFSIR, TAKWIL AND TRANSLATION OF AL-QUR'AN

CHAPTER XIII

TAFSIR, TAKWIL AND TRANSLATION OF AL-QUR’AN

A.   Definition of Tafsir, Takwil and Translation

Etimologically,tafsir word taken from word fassara-yufassiru-tafsiran, it means information or discribe or al kasaf wa al-idzhar it means unveil and show. This is connect with al-idhah meaning (explain), al bayan (show), al-kasyf (give expression), al-izhhar (show), and al-ibanah (explain).

Takwil, it is taken from word awwala-yu`awwilu-takwilan, it means describe or explain. Takwil have other meaning as al-ruju’ ila al-asl it means come back to main or orignal version. Terminologically takwil  is swing round or divert meaning words or sentences which have in Al-Qur’an by origin meaning to another meaning which reputed more exact, in other that that meaning more match and approriate with Al-Qur’an teaching soul.

Translation is move, replace or copy something by one languange to another language. Terminologically, tafsir is product of human to express meaning which contain in Al-Qur’an, so that Al-Qur’an can felt as way of life which practice in daily life.

Translation Al-Qur’an is move Al-Qur`an which Arabic language to non Arabic language then print it in order to can read with people which can not understand Arabic language until they can understand Al-Qur’an contain. 

B.   Differences of Tafsir, Takwil and Translation

The different from three meaning is tafsir explain Al-Qur’an verses which always  have a lot of meaning with explaining law and wisdom which can taken from that verse and often making conclusion that verse’s contain. Takwil connect with words meaning Al-Qur’an verse which change position by zhahir meaning to rajih to another meaning which not clear and marjuh and not strong. Translation only change verse’s Al-Qur’an words by Arabic language to other language without give very long explain meaning or not with conclusion.

C.   Tafsir bi al-Ma`tsur dan bi al-Rayi

Tafsir bi al-Ma`tsur is Al-Qur’an interpretation which refer to Al-Qur’an explaining, prophet Muhammad explaining, sohabah explaining, and what tabi`in said whith ijtihad way. The are four elements tafsir Al-Matsur source, there are : interpreting Al-Qur’an with Al-Qur’an, interpreting Al-Qur’an with sunnah or hadits, interpreting Al-Qur’an with sohabah opinion, interpreting Al-Qur’an with tabi`in opinion.

Tafsir bi al-Ra’yi tafsir which refer to ijtihad (the intrepreter). Between muftis is reject and the other is accept.

ULUMUL QUR'AN TASK ABOUT IJAZ AL QUR'AN

CHAPTER XII
IJAZ AL-QUR’AN
A. Definition of Ijaz & Mu’jizat Al-Qur’an
Etimologically, it is taken from a’jaza yu’jizu i’jazan (transitif verb) which mean enfeeble, debilititation, or determine weakness. Terminologically, Ijaz is confirmation of Prophet correctness and divine revelation which accept by him and at the same time he confirmation of human weakness which confuse ad disavow prophecy. Etimologically mu’jizat also wellborn by a’jaza yu’jizu i’jazan (transitif verb) which mean enfeeble or make disable. Terminologically mu’jizat is event which oppose and defeat people which hesitate and disavow God Uttarance.

B. Kind of Mu’jizat
Mu’jizat devide to two main part :
1. Mu’jizat material, which have characteristic sensory material which not everlasting
2. Mu’jizat immaterial logical and can proof all period

C. Elements of Mu’jizat
There are four elements of mu’jizat :
1. Event which amazing
2. Happen or said by a prophet
3. Contain of challenge to people which hesitate with prophecy
4. The challenge can’t or failed to serve

D. Mu’jizat of Al-Qur’an Aspects
Mu’jizat of Al-Qur’an Aspects are :
1. Beauty of literature
2. Uniqueness language style
3. Language fluency
4. Syari’ah correctness which contain inside
History proof failed to defeat Al-Qur’an is Arabic literature can’t defeat beauty of language and intensity of Al-Qur’an literature.


REFERENCE
Mushlih, Hafidz. Salamudin, Ceceng. 2016. Ulum Al-Qur'an. Bandung : UIN
Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung

ULUMUL QUR'AN TASK ABOUT QIRA'AT AL-QUR'AN

CHAPTER XI
QIRA'AT AL-QUR’AN
A. Definition of Qiraat Al-Qur’an
Etimologically, it is taken from Arabic qira’at means mashdar from qara’a it means to read. Terminologically, there are three element:
1. Qira’at related to the way to pronounce wording of Al-qur’an which is done by one of Imam and different with what other Imam did.
2. The way to pronounce ayat Al-qur’an based on continued riwayah to Prophet Muhammad SAW.
3. Scoop discussion of  qira’at contradiction related to discussion about lughat, hadzaf, I’rab, itsbat, fashal, and washal.

B. Emergence of Qira’at Differentiation Backround
Causes why contradiction of reading Alqur’an happened based on differentation in syakl, harakat or huruf. Prophet Muhammad SAW red various qira’at form in front of his shohabah , there is contradiction of riwayah from shohabah related to various qira’at version which is done, and there is lahjah or dialect in Arabian circle in decending Al-qur’an period.

C. Qira’ah Sab’ah
About qira’at sab’ah, it is found some opinions, they are:
1. Seven letters or seven types of language for Arabics related to one meaning.
2. Seven letters are seven types of language from Arabic those are found in Al-Qur’an.
3. Seven letters are seven wajh, they are amr (order), nahyu (prohibition), wa’ad (promise), wa’id (threat), jadal (debate), qashshash (story), and matsal (parable).
4. Sevens letter are seven kinds of thing that among them are different in three things, those are: Differentiation of noun (Ikhtilaful Asma’), those are in form mufrad, mudzakar and the branch, like tatsniyah, two and ta’nits.
5. Amount of seven is not meant according harfiah (it means not amount between six and eight). But that amount just as symbol.
6. Those seven letters are seven qira’at according partly of other people think it is made by Rasulullah SAW or by shohabah and tabiin.

D. Urgency and Benefit of Study Qira’at
Urgention studying qit’at knowledge are:
1. It can consolidate  certainties of law that was agreed by Ulama,
2. men-tarjih the law which is differentiated by Ulama,
3. To consolidate two powers of law which are differen,
4. To show two certainties of law which are different in different condition and give explanation toward one word in Al-Qur’an that maybe difficult to understand the meaning.

REFERENCE
Mushlih, Hafidz. Salamudin, Ceceng. 2016. Ulum Al-Qur'an. Bandung : UIN
Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung

ULUMUL QUR'AN TASK NASAKH AND MANSUKH VERSES

CHAPTER X
NASIKH AND MANSUKH VERSES
A. Definition of Nasikh and Mansukh Verses
According to etimology, nasikh means erasing, whereas mansukh means erased. Nasikh and mansukh is delete, move, divert, and replace. According to etimology, nasikh is cancellation which set before by law which set after, exception law which have special characteristic which come after, explanation which come after to law which have dim characteristic, and determining condition to earlier law which have no characteristic yet.
B. Muftis Opinion About Nasikh and Mansukh Verses
There are a lot of opinion about nasikh and mansukh verses, general opinion, a part of mufti support nasikh, and a a part of mufti push nasikh :
a. According to majority of ulama, nasikh can happen because Allah deed have rightful authority to erase or no
b. According to Abu Muslim al-Asfihani, nasikh perhaps happen according to mind although according to syara’ impossible
c. According to Muhammad Abduh, he gaze nasikh concept which means cancellation, whereas he agree nasikh which means replace.
d. According to Abu Musa, God law which cancelled not means not true
e. According to Ibnu Katsir nasikh is Allah rightful authority.
C. Urgency and Purpose of Nasikh and Mansukh Verses
Urgency and purpose of nasikh and mansukh verses are :
1. Show that syariat Islam appropriate with  period development
2. Know the determining process and assembling process Islam law, purpose, and reason determined.
3. Examine consistency and reason assembling Islam members at apply  Allah law
4. Give dispensation for Islam members because  alot of nasakh product load demoicent and facilitate deed of religion.

REFERENCE
Mushlih, Hafidz. Salamudin, Ceceng. 2016. Ulum Al-Qur'an. Bandung : UIN
Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung.

     

ULUMUL QUR' AN TASK ABOUT MUHKAM AND MUTASYABIH VERSES

CHAPTER IX

MUHKAM AND MUTASYABIH VERSES

A. Definition of Muhkam and Mutasyabih Verses

According to etimology, muhkam means restrain. Muhkam word with the other. According to terminology, muhkam and mutasyabih is :
a. Muhkam is verse which easy to know what it is mean, meanwhile  mutasyabih only Allah can know the meaning
b. Muhkam is verse which contain just one meaning, meanwhile  mutasyabih only Allah can know the meaning
c. Muhkam is verse which the verses can know by direct, meanwhile  mutasyabih have to other explanation with preference to another verses.

B. Mufti Attitude  About Mutasyabih Verses
Ibnu Habib Annasaiburi devided three opinion about explanation  Al-Qur’an verses contain :
a. Al-Qur’an verses which all of it contain muhkam verse
b. Al-Qur’an verses which all of it contain mutasyabih verse
c. Al-Qur’an verses which partly of it muhkam and partly mutasyabih

C. Surah Opener (Fawatih as Suwar)
Fawatih as Suwar is several verse by surah opener or several kind beginner by Al-Qur’an surah.

D. Wisdom of Muhkam and Mutasyabih Verses
Wisdom of be present muhkamat verse are :
1. Make people who can’t able to communicate with arabic language easy to understand Al-Qur’an
2. Make easier people to memorize Al-Qur’an and take care of it
3. Push muslim to more energetic understand know, and  deed Al-Qur’an, etc.

Wisdom of be present mustayabih verse are :
1. For examine our heart trust in Al-Qur’an
2. Stimulate for mind of peple who believe in Al-Qur’an to more think about mean
3. Only people who have faith can understand mustayabih verses, etc.

REFERENCE
Mushlih, Hafidz. Salamudin, Ceceng. 2016. Ulum Al-Qur'an. Bandung : UIN
Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung.

         

ULUMUL QUR'AN TASK ABOUT MAKIYYAH AND MADANIYYAH VERSES

CHAPTER VII

MAKIYYAH AND MADANIYYAH VERSES

1. DEFINITION OF MAKIYYAH AND MADANIYYAH VERSES

            Makiyyah and madaniyyah is two words of Arabic language which enter by iya nisbah letter. In language term, because both are have mean character.           Makiyyah mean have character of Makkah and Madaniyyah mean have character of Madinah. There are four mufti opinion about  definition of Makiyyah and Madaniyyah verses, there are : 
A.    Based on descend period 
B.     Based on place period 
C.     Based on object topic (mukhatab) 
D.    Based on theme of topic

2. CLASSIFICATION MAKIYYAH AND MADANIYYAH VERSES AND SURAH

            Surah of Al-Qur’an devided to two group,  there are Makiyyah verses and Madaniyyah verses. From this classification, divided more detail to many group verse or surah, there are :
A. Pure Makiyyah surah 
B. Pure Madaniyyah surah 
C. Makiyyah verses at Madaniyyah surah (side surah part of Madaniyyah but several verses part of Makiyyah) 
D. Madaniyyah verses at Makiyyah surah (side surah part of Makiyyah but several verses part of Madaniyyah)
E. Madaniyyah similar with Makiyyah (verses which part of Madaniyyah but have language style and characteristic like Makiyyah surah)
F. Makiyyah similar with Madaniyyah (verses which part of Makiyyah but have language style and characteristic like Madaniyyah surah)

3. CHARACTERISTIC OF MAKIYYAH AND MADANIYYAH VERSES

            Makiyyah verses have characteristic :  
A. Found sajdah verse 
B. Begin with word kalla 
C. Begin with expression “ya ayyuhal ladzina” except at Al-Hajj surah 
D. Begin with separated letters (at-tahajji letter)
E. Contain theme story of Nabi and ummat-ummat Islam earlier
F. Talk about story of Nabi Adam and Iblis, except Al-Baqarah surah 
G. Explanation about invitation monotheisme and pressure at akidah problem or worship only to Allah
H. Determining resurgence day and replying 
I. Explanation about judgement day and as for that, hell with that tortune, paradise and that luxury
J. Argue musyirikin group with rational arguments
K. Determining general foundations as formation of syara’ law and superiorities akhlak which must have member of society
L. The sentences are short The words are amazing 
M. Short declaration 
N. Can jar and convince heart

4. BENEFIT LEARN MAKIYYAH AND MADANIYYAH VERSES

The benefit are:
A. Help interprete Al-Qur’an 
B.  Become compass for dakwah steps
C. Give information about Nabi history

REFERENCE 

Mushlih, Hafidz. Salamudin, Ceceng. 2016. Ulum Al-Qur'an. Bandung : UIN

Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung.